Europe - International Council on Clean Transportation https://theicct.org/region/europe/ Independent research to benefit public health and mitigate climate change Tue, 13 Feb 2024 17:31:44 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.4.3 https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/favicon-150x150.png Europe - International Council on Clean Transportation https://theicct.org/region/europe/ 32 32 Keep up the good sales: Ways to support the market for used BEVs in Germany https://theicct.org/keep-up-the-good-sales-ways-to-support-market-used-bevs-germany-feb24/ Tue, 13 Feb 2024 21:00:21 +0000 https://theicct.org/?p=36961 Expanding the used battery electric vehicle (BEV) market can help alleviate financial barriers to the technology and promote equitable access to BEVs across the broad population.

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In Germany, expanding the market for used battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is likely to play an important role in broadening access to these vehicles. As the purchase price of used BEVs can still be cost prohibitive to some groups, a larger supply of used BEVs may help to improve their affordability. So, what is the current state of the used BEV market in Germany and what can the government do to accelerate its expansion?

According to the Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt, or the Federal Motor Transport Authority of Germany, in 2022, used BEVs were around 69,000 of the 5.6 million vehicle ownership transfers that occurred in Germany, a 1.2% share (Figure 1). In comparison, BEVs were 17.7% of the over 3 million new vehicles that were registered that year. In 2023, the share of BEVs in used car transfers rose slightly to 1.6%, and for new vehicles, BEVs were an 18.4% share.

Figure 1. New vehicle registrations and used vehicle sales (based on ownership transfers) in Germany in 2022 and 2023. Source: Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt.

The number and share of used BEVs in vehicle ownership transfers rose through most of 2023. The highest recorded share of BEVs in the used vehicle market that year was 2.3% in September, when over 11,400 vehicles were transferred. The increasing number of used BEVs in the market is reflective of the higher number of BEVs that entered the stock starting in 2020, as the average holding period for leased cars is around 2 to 4 years for company cars and 6 years for privately owned cars. In 2020, BEVs were 0.3% of the nearly 48.8 million vehicles in the on-road stock in Germany and that share reached 2.1% in 2023.

As shown in Table 1, the growth of used BEVs from 2022 to 2023 (+40%) outpaced the overall markets for new and used cars, which both grew by 7% during that period. The only fuel types that had higher growth shares than used BEVs were used plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) and used hybrid vehicles, both of which saw higher year-to-year share increases with 45% and 44%, respectively. New hybrid vehicles also saw a higher growth rate of 43%. That new PHEVs shrunk by 52% from 2022 to 2023 was likely due to the phaseout of the PHEV purchase incentive at the end of 2022. Among internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), the number of used gasoline car registrations grew by only 2% compared with new registrations at 13%. Used diesel cars grew by a larger margin of 10%.

Table 1. Used and new car registrations in Germany. Source: Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt

  Used car registrations  New car registrations 
Powertrain type   2022  2023  Percent change 2022 versus 2023  2022  2023  Percent change 2022 versus 2023 
Battery electric  69,594  97,430  +40%  470,559  524,219  +11% 
Plug-in hybrid  66,631  96,873  +45%  362,093  175,724  -52% 
Hybrid  208,339  299,928  +44%  465,228  664,580  +43% 
Gasoline  3,552,720  3,624,010  +2%  863,445  978,660  +13% 
Diesel  1,690,572  1,860,702  +10%  472,274  486,581  +3% 
Total  5,641,516  6,030,874  +7%  2,651,357  2,844,609  +7% 

 

While the used BEV market is developing, especially when compared with the market for other powertrains, maintaining this growth trajectory is dependent on the continued acceleration of new BEV registrations. In absolute numbers, sales of new BEVs in Germany increased by 11% from 2022 to 2023, but their share of the overall market increased only slightly from 17.7% in 2022 to 18.4% in 2023. On top of that, the earlier-than-planned phaseout of the new BEV purchase incentive in Germany on December 18, 2023 could result in a drop in new BEV registrations in 2024. As income levels play an important role in the decision to buy either a new or used vehicle, a limited number of used BEVs may result in prices that limit the ability of groups with lower incomes to opt for an electric car.

In 2023, AutoScout24, the largest European online vehicle marketplace, reported that prices of used BEVs dropped substantially while prices of used gasoline and diesel vehicles stayed relatively constant (Figure 2). From January to November 2023, the index price, or the weighted average price over time, of used BEVs fell by 23%; for used gasoline and diesel cars, prices dropped by 6% and 2%, respectively, over the same time period. This is likely due to a growing supply of used BEVs for sale and a larger number of more affordable, non-premium BEVs being available for purchase.

Figure 2. Price index of used battery electric, diesel, and gasoline passenger cars in Germany from January to November 2023. Source: AutoScout24.
Several policy measures could help accelerate this progress and expand the used BEV market in Germany:

  • A BEV mandate for fleets would require that corporate fleets be made up of a specific percentage of new BEVs within a designated time frame. This would have broad climate benefits, as fleets in Germany made up roughly one-third of all new vehicle registrations in 2022. Beyond the environmental benefits, adding thousands of new BEVs to the on-road stock would be a boost to the secondhand market. The companies that purchase BEVs would also save money over time because of the lower total operating costs of BEVs when compared with gasoline and diesel ICEVs.
  • A bonus-malus system would levy fees on the purchase of ICEVs and use the funds to provide financial incentives to purchase BEVs. If designed to be revenue-neutral, the system could be self-sustaining and would not require funds from the government budget. A staggered bonus based on vehicle size, with larger bonuses for smaller vehicles, would also promote affordability because smaller cars are typically less expensive.
  • Interest-free loans for used BEV purchase for those with lower incomes can eliminate the additional financial burdens that come from traditional loans with higher interest rates. Some countries, such as Scotland and France, offer interest-free or low-interest loans for the purchase of used BEVs. A program such as this in Germany could be designed to benefit those with lower incomes by capping eligibility based on the applicants’ taxable gross income. It additionally could promote smaller, more affordable vehicle models by limiting loan eligibility based on vehicle size and price.

Continued development of the used BEV market will allow more Germans who are dependent on a car to participate in the transition from ICEVs to BEVs. Taking actions to accelerate the growth of this burgeoning market will also help bring the country closer to accomplishing its climate goals.

Authors

Kyle Morrison
Associate Researcher

Sandra Wappelhorst
Senior Researcher

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CO2 emissions from new passenger cars in Europe: Car manufacturers’ performance in 2022 https://theicct.org/publication/co2-emissions-new-pv-europe-car-manufacturers-performance-2022-feb24/ Tue, 06 Feb 2024 22:00:31 +0000 https://theicct.org/?post_type=publication&p=36832 This briefing provides an overview of official CO2 emission levels of new passenger cars in the European Union (EU) in 2022 based on a preliminary dataset released by the European Environment Agency (EEA). The analysis indicates that CO2 emissions from new passenger cars decreased from 2021 to 2022 by 5.1%, to 108 g/km.

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This briefing paper provides an overview of official CO2 emission levels of new passenger cars in the European Union (EU) in 2022, based on a preliminary dataset released by the European Environment Agency (EEA). The analysis indicates that fleet average CO2 emissions from new passenger cars decreased by 6 g/km (-5.1%) from 114 g/km in 2021 to 108 g/km in 2022. Based on our analysis, all manufacturers met their 2022 CO2 targets.

The EU introduced the first CO2 standards in 2009. This legislation sets CO2 emission reduction targets for manufacturers on new cars and vans. Figure 1 illustrates the historical average of emissions values and targets.

Figure 1. Historical average CO2 emission values and targets of new passenger cars without flexible compliance mechanisms under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) test procedure and the subsequent Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP). The 2021–2024 line corresponds to the WLTP-specific emissions reference target for 2021, calculated as the average of the WLTP-specific emissions reference targets of all manufacturers.

From 2000 to 2007, before the standards were in place, fleet CO2 emissions declined by 1.9 g/km per year on average. From 2008, manufacturers outperformed the annual reduction rates required to meet the 2015 target of 130 g/km. However, without more stringent targets before 2020, the trend was reversed and average CO2 emissions increased by 0.7 g/km per year over the next four years. Only in 2020 did the new target lead to a steep decline of 14 g/km compared to 2019. The decline continued over the next two years, but not at the same rate: the 6 g/km CO2 reduction from 2021 to 2022 was less than half the reduction from 2020 to 2021.

As an update to 2021’s briefing, this paper details the manufacturer’s 2022 CO2 emissions performance and presents the market share of fuel types and powertrain technologies by manufacturer and EU Member State. It also discusses flexible compliance mechanisms.

Of the 9.48 million new passenger cars represented in the 2022 preliminary EEA dataset, more than one million were electric vehicles. Manufacturers relied primarily on battery electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles to meet their targets, with CO2 emissions of combustion engine vehicles, mild hybrid vehicles, and full hybrid vehicles remaining, on average, at the same level.

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The gap between real-world and official values for CO2 emissions and fuel consumption grows again despite new test procedure  https://theicct.org/pr-en-gap-between-real-world-and-official-values-for-co2-emissions-and-fuel-consumption-grows-again-despite-new-test-procedure-jan24/ Wed, 31 Jan 2024 04:10:19 +0000 https://theicct.org/?p=36295 A new ICCT study indicates that the gap between real-world and official CO2 emission and fuel consumption values of new combustion engine cars increased between 2018 and 2022 from 8% to 14%. Berlin, 31 January – The average gap, or divergence, between the official and real-world fuel consumption and CO2 emission values of passenger cars […]

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A new ICCT study indicates that the gap between real-world and official CO2 emission and fuel consumption values of new combustion engine cars increased between 2018 and 2022 from 8% to 14%.

Berlin, 31 January – The average gap, or divergence, between the official and real-world fuel consumption and CO2 emission values of passenger cars in Europe has grown again despite the introduction of a new vehicle test procedure. The gap reached a level of 14% in 2022, i.e. real-world emission levels were 14% higher than advertised by manufacturers. The gap has grown 80% in five years, going up from a level of 8% in 2018. If not addressed, this trend will compromise the effectiveness of the EU’s CO2 reduction targets. It will also lead to false consumer expectations about real-world fuel consumption as well as the associated costs and environmental impact.

The results are based on an investigation by the nonprofit research organization International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT). The study analyzes official CO2 emission data, a proxy for fuel consumption, reported by the European Environment Agency (EEA), combined with real-world fuel consumption information from more than 160,000 combustion engine and conventional hybrid cars reported by consumers on the spritmonitor.de website. (Plug-in hybrid cars were analyzed separately in a previous report.)

Official CO2 emission values are determined through measurements in a controlled laboratory environment. In 2017, a new test procedure, the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP), replaced the former New European Drive Cycle (NEDC). While the new WLTP values are more representative of real-world values than their predecessor—and consequently lowered the gap from 33% in 2018 to 8% in the same year—, the gap is now growing again. While official fuel consumption and CO2 emission values dropped by about 7.3% between 2018 and 2022, the reduction achieved on the road was less than one-third, with only 2.3%.

Gap or divergence between real-world and type-approval CO2 emission values of NEDC and WLTP type-approved internal combustion engine and hybrid passenger cars registered in Germany. Data sources: European Environmental Agency (EEA) and spritmonitor.de

Jan Dornoff, Research Lead at the ICCT and co-author of the report, emphasizes, “Our analysis shows that the real-world gap is growing again, after the introduction of WLTP. Without counteraction, official CO2 emission values will become increasingly unrepresentative of real-world values, and mandatory reductions for official values will not be reflected in the actual CO2 emissions. This will undermine the EU’s efforts to reduce transport-related CO2 emissions and result in consumers paying more for fuel than anticipated.”

To prevent the gap from growing, the European Commission is mandated by the CO2 standards regulation to assess the development of a mechanism or process. This mechanism would adjust the manufacturers’ CO2 emission performance based on real-world data recorded by on-board fuel and energy consumption monitoring (OBFCM) devices. The ICCT study proposes a correction mechanism that would compensate for excess CO2 emissions released due to a growing gap.

“The ICCT has been monitoring these disparities since the early 2010s, and fortunately, EU regulators now have appropriate tools to correct these divergences with transparent and reliable data. Using these tools, a correction mechanism can ensure that the CO2 emissions reduction targets that manufacturers must meet in the coming years are proportionally updated in accordance with the intended original stringency written into the law,” recommends Dr. Peter Mock, ICCT Europe’s Managing Director.

Additionally, on-board fuel consumption data could benefit consumers by providing real-world estimates of emissions and fuel consumption on vehicle efficiency labels. Furthermore, the authors suggest making anonymized OBFCM data, merged with relevant vehicle characteristics, publicly available to facilitate independent research using representative real-world fuel and energy consumption data.

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Media contact
Susana Irles, susana.irles@theicct.org
+49 (0) 302 332 68412

Publication details
Title: On the way to ‘real-world’ CO2 values? The European passenger car market after 5 years of WLTP
Authors: Jan Dornoff, Victor Valverde Morales, Uwe Tietge

Please use this link when citing this report: https://theicct.org/publication/real-world-CO2-emission-values-vehicles-Europe-jan24

About the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT)
The International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) is an independent nonprofit research organization founded to provide exceptional, objective, timely research and technical and scientific analysis to environmental regulators. Our work empowers policymakers and others worldwide to improve the environmental performance of road, marine, and air transportation to benefit public health and mitigate climate change. We began collaborating and working as a group of like-minded policymakers and technical experts, formalizing our status as a mission-driven non-governmental organization in 2005.

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Trotz neuem Prüfverfahren: Offizielle und reale Emissions- und Verbrauchswerte von Pkw klaffen erneut auseinander https://theicct.org/pr-de-trotz-neuem-prufverfahren-offizielle-und-reale-emissions-und-verbrauchswerte-von-pkw-klaffen-erneut-auseinander-jan24/ Wed, 31 Jan 2024 04:10:10 +0000 https://theicct.org/?p=36300 Eine neue ICCT-Studie zeigt, dass die Differenz zwischen den tatsächlichen CO2-Emissionen und Kraftstoffverbräuchen von Neuwagen und den offiziell angegebenen Werten zwischen 2018 und 2022 von 8 auf 14 Prozent gewachsen ist. Berlin, 31. Januar – Die Differenz zwischen Herstellerangaben und tatsächlichem Kraftstoffverbrauch bzw. CO2-Emissionen von Pkw hat sich trotz Einführung eines neuen Fahrzeugprüfverfahrens erneut vergrößert. […]

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Eine neue ICCT-Studie zeigt, dass die Differenz zwischen den tatsächlichen CO2-Emissionen und Kraftstoffverbräuchen von Neuwagen und den offiziell angegebenen Werten zwischen 2018 und 2022 von 8 auf 14 Prozent gewachsen ist.

Berlin, 31. Januar – Die Differenz zwischen Herstellerangaben und tatsächlichem Kraftstoffverbrauch bzw. CO2-Emissionen von Pkw hat sich trotz Einführung eines neuen Fahrzeugprüfverfahrens erneut vergrößert. 2022 lag sie für in Deutschland zugelassene PKW im Durchschnitt bei 14 Prozent, das heißt, die Werte im realen Betrieb waren um 14 Prozent höher als von den Herstellern angegeben. 2018 lag die Differenz noch bei durchschnittlich 8 Prozent, somit ist sie innerhalb von fünf Jahren um 80 Prozent gewachsen. Ohne Gegenmaßnahmen gefährdet dieser Trend die Wirksamkeit der CO2-Reduktionsmaßnahmen der EU. Zudem führt er bei den Verbrauchern zu falschen Erwartungen in Bezug auf den tatsächlichen Kraftstoffverbrauch und die damit verbundenen Kosten und Umweltauswirkungen.

Das sind zentrale Ergebnisse einer Studie der gemeinnützigen Forschungsorganisation International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT). Die Experten haben offizielle CO2 -Emissionsdaten der Europäischen Umweltagentur (EEA) als Maß für den Kraftstoffverbrauch analysiert und mit realen Kraftstoffverbrauchsdaten von mehr als 160.000 Fahrzeugen verglichen. Dabei handelt es sich um Verbrenner- und konventionelle Hybridfahrzeuge, deren Eigentümer ihre Verbrauchsdaten auf der Website spritmonitor.de hinterlegt haben. (Plug-in-Hybride wurden in einer früheren Studie separat analysiert).

Offizielle CO2 Emissionswerte werden in einer kontrollierten Laborumgebung ermittelt. 2017 wurde dafür das neue Prüfverfahren Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) eingeführt, das den früheren Neuen Europäischen Fahrzyklus (NEFZ) ablöste. Die WLTP-Werte sind repräsentativer als die des NEFZ, weshalb die Differenz zwischen Labor- und realen Werten zunächst von 33 Prozent im Jahr 2018 auf 8 Prozent im gleichen Jahr schrumpfte. Die aktuellen Zahlen zeigen allerdings, dass sich der Abstand jetzt wieder vergrößert. Die Folge: Offiziell sind die CO2-Emissionswerte zwischen 2018 und 2022 um rund 7,3 Prozent gesunken, im Realbetrieb auf der Straße bleibt von der erzielten Reduktion aber mit 2,3 Prozent nur weniger als ein Drittel übrig.

Abweichung zwischen realen und nach NEFZ bzw. WLTP typgenehmigten CO2 Emissionswerten von in Deutschland zugelassenen Pkw. Datenquellen: Europäische Umweltagentur (EEA) und spritmonitor.de

“Unsere Analyse zeigt, dass die Differenz zwischen den offiziellen Angaben und den realen CO2 Emissionen auch nach Einführung von WLTP wieder wächst“, sagt Jan Dornoff, leitender Wissenschaftler beim ICCT und Mitverfasser des Berichts. „Wird hier nicht gegengesteuert, verlieren die offiziellen CO2-Emissionswerte zunehmend an Aussagekraft für die tatsächlichen Emissionen. So kommen dann auch die verpflichtend vorgesehenen Reduktionen der offiziellen Werte nicht in der realen Welt an. Das untergräbt die Bemühungen der EU zur Verringerung der verkehrsbedingten CO2 -Emissionen und führt dazu, dass die Verbraucher mehr für Kraftstoff bezahlen müssen als erwartet.”

Um diese negativen Folgen zu verhindern, ist die Europäische Kommission durch die CO2-Verordnung aufgefordert, die Entwicklung eines Mechanismus zu prüfen, der ein Wachstum des Abstandes zwischen realen und offiziellen CO2-Emissionen verhindert. Dazu sollen reale Kraftstoffverbrauchsdaten herangezogen werden, die mit so genannten OBFCM-Geräten (on-board fuel and energy consumption monitoring devices) erfasst und aufgezeichnet werden. Die ICCT-Experten schlagen in ihrer Studie einen Korrekturmechanismus vor, der die durch die Abweichung der realen von den offiziellen Werten verursachten zusätzlichen CO2-Emissionen ausgleichen würde.

“Wir beobachten die wachsende Differenz zwischen angegebenen und tatsächlichen Kraftstoffverbräuchen seit Anfang der 2010er Jahre“, sagt Dr. Peter Mock, Geschäftsführer des ICCT Europe. „Zum Glück verfügen die EU-Regulierungsbehörden jetzt über geeignete Instrumente, um diese Abweichungen auf Basis transparenter und zuverlässiger Daten auszugleichen. Damit lässt sich ein Korrekturmechanismus einrichten, der sicherstellt, dass die offiziellen CO2-Emissionswerte, die die Hersteller in den kommenden Jahren erfüllen müssen, so aktualisiert werden, dass sie auch real den ursprünglich beabsichtigten und gesetzlich festgeschriebenen Minderungszielen entsprechen.“

Darüber hinaus könnten On-Board-Kraftstoffverbrauchsdaten auch als Basis dienen, um Verbraucher besser und realistischer über die Kosten und Umweltauswirkungen von Fahrzeugen zu informieren. Zudem schlagen die Autoren vor, OBFCM-Daten anonymisiert und ergänzt um relevante Fahrzeugmerkmale öffentlich zugänglich zu machen, um unabhängige Forschung mit repräsentativen realen Kraftstoff- und Energieverbrauchsdaten zu ermöglichen.

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Medienkontakt
Susana Irles, susana.irles@theicct.org
+49 (0) 302 332 68412

Details zur Veröffentlichung
Titel: On the way to ‘real-world’ CO2 values? The European passenger car market after 5 years of WLTP
Autoren: Jan Dornoff, Victor Valverde Morales, Uwe Tietge

Bitte verwenden Sie diesen Link, wenn Sie den Bericht zitieren: https://theicct.org/publication/real-world-CO2-emission-values-vehicles-Europe-jan24

Über den International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT)
Der International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) ist eine unabhängige, gemeinnützige Forschungsorganisation, die gegründet wurde, um spezialisierte, objektive und bedarfsgerechte Forschung sowie technische und wissenschaftliche Analysen für Umweltbehörden bereitzustellen. Unsere Arbeit unterstützt politische und andere Entscheidungsträger auf der ganzen Welt dabei, die Umweltverträglichkeit des Straßen-, See- und Luftverkehrs zu verbessern, mit dem Ziel die öffentliche Gesundheit zu fördern und den Klimawandel abzuschwächen. Unsere Zusammenarbeit als Gruppe gleichgesinnter politischer Entscheidungsträger und technischer Experten wurde 2005 mit dem Status einer gemeinnützigen Nichtregierungsorganisation formal geregelt.

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 On the way to ‘real-world’ CO2 values? The European passenger car market after 5 years of WLTP https://theicct.org/publication/real-world-co2-emission-values-vehicles-europe-jan24/ Tue, 30 Jan 2024 22:00:25 +0000 https://theicct.org/?post_type=publication&p=36237 This report investigates the gap between real-world and official or type-approval CO2 emissions of the European passenger car market since introducing a new test procedure, the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP).

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This paper investigates how the gap, or divergence, between official and real-world data on CO2 emissions from passenger cars in the EU has developed since introducing a new type-approval test procedure, the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP). The results indicate that there is a growing divergence between real-world and WLTP CO2 emissions data for internal combustion engine cars and hybrid cars, as observed for New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) type-approved vehicles in the past.

Figure 1 shows that the official WLTP type-approval CO2 emission values are more representative of real-world values than the ones from the previous NEDC test procedure. Our analysis shows a divergence of 7.7% for WLTP in 2018 compared to 32.7% for NEDC. However, the gap between real-world and official CO2 emissions increased by over 80% in the 5 years since the introduction of the WLTP, reaching 14.1% in 2022.

Figure 1. Divergence between real-world and type-approval CO2 emission values for internal combustion engine and hybrid passenger cars registered in Germany. Data sources: European Environmental Agency (EEA) and spritmonitor.de

This growing gap diminishes the effectiveness of the European Union’s CO2 standards in reducing tailpipe CO2 emissions from cars and vans. This is because CO2 reduction goals are implemented by setting lower targets for official CO2 emissions. The growing gap between official and real-world emission values, however, leads to a lower reduction in real-world CO2 emissions than intended by the regulators.

Figure 2 compares the reduction in official versus real-world CO2 emissions between 2009 and 2022. While official CO2 emission values decreased by 19.5%,real-world emissions decreased by only 5.8% over the same period due to the growing gap.

Figure 2. Reduction of internal combustion engine and hybrid car type-approval and real-world CO2 emissions since the adoption of CO2 standards in the EU in 2009 and 2022. WLTP CO2 emissions in 2022 were converted to NEDC-equivalent values using a conversion factor of 1.21.

The analysis is based on official CO2 emission data reported by the European Environment Agency (EEA) combined with real-world fuel-consumption information from more than 160,000 combustion engine and conventional hybrid cars reported by consumers on the spritmonitor.de platform.

The European Commission has been tasked through the CO2 standards regulation with developing a mechanism or process that prevents this gap from growing. For this purpose, real-world fuel consumption data recorded by on-board fuel and energy consumption monitoring (OBFCM) devices should be used. However, while the availability of OBFCM data will allow the implementation of such a mechanism by 2027, regulators foresee this measure starting in 2030.

Based on the analysis, the authors offer the following recommendations to prevent the gap from growing and mitigate excess CO2 emissions caused by a growing gap, using reliable and transparent data:

  • The European Commission could develop a mechanism that prevents further growth of the gap, and a proposal for such a mechanism is provided in this paper. The described mechanism intends to both mitigate the growing gap and compensate for the excess real-world CO2 emissions released prior to the introduction of a correction mechanism.
  • The availability of OBFCM real-world consumption data would support applying the correction mechanism starting in 2027.
  • Real-world fuel consumption estimates could be displayed on vehicle efficiency labels for consumers.
  • Anonymized OBFCM data could be made publicly available.
  • OBFCM could be made mandatory for electric vehicles to ensure the availability of real-world energy consumption data.

Read more in our press release in German and English.

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European heavy-duty vehicle market development quarterly: January – September 2023 https://theicct.org/publication/eu-hdv-market-development-quarterly-september23-jan24/ Mon, 29 Jan 2024 23:01:15 +0000 https://theicct.org/?post_type=publication&p=36461 A detailed analysis of zero-emission heavy-duty vehicle sales in the EU-27 from January to September 2023, highlighting key trends and market shares among different vehicle types and manufacturers, while also exploring the emerging technology focus on electrified road systems.

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Race to Zero: January – Sep… by The International Council o…

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European heavy-duty vehicle market development quarterly: January – June https://theicct.org/publication/eu-hdv-market-monitor-q1-2-jan24/ Mon, 22 Jan 2024 22:00:32 +0000 https://theicct.org/?post_type=publication&p=35433 Snapshot of the conventional and electric vehicle market in the European Union.

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European Vehicle Market Statistics – Pocketbook 2023/24 https://theicct.org/publication/european-vehicle-market-statistics-2023-24/ Wed, 10 Jan 2024 22:00:00 +0000 https://theicct.org/?post_type=publication&p=35339 The ICCT’s European Vehicle Market Statistics 2023/24 Pocketbook provides an annual statistical portrait of the state of the EU car, van, truck, and bus markets in their transition to decarbonization.

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The ICCT’s European Vehicle Market Statistics 2023/24 Pocketbook offers an annual statistical snapshot of the evolving landscape of the EU’s car, van, truck, and bus markets in their journey toward decarbonization. The report encompasses data spanning from 2001 to 2022, focusing on vehicle sales, fuel efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions, and air pollutants. For user-friendly navigation through the facts and figures, please visit our website at eupocketbook.org.

The latest findings from the 2023/24 report indicate a sustained decline in vehicle sales across the EU market. This trend has persisted since the peak in 2019, with the COVID-19 pandemic causing a setback in sales growth. In 2021, sales continued to contract, falling by 3% compared to the previous year and plummeting by 26% in comparison to the 2019 peak.

In terms of the electric car market, the report highlights a stabilization in early 2023, following a remarkable period of growth. In 2022, the EU’s electric passenger car market share reached 22%, establishing a significant presence. While this exceeded the United States, which registered a 7% market share, the EU still trailed behind China, where electric vehicles accounted for a substantial 32% of the market.

Moreover, the report underscores noteworthy progress in reducing carbon emissions. Average CO2 emissions from new passenger cars, as assessed using the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP), declined to 110 g/km in 2022 within the European Economic Area. This marked a notable decrease of approximately 6 g/km when compared to the emissions recorded in 2021.

Other select highlights from the 2023/24 edition include:

  • The electric car market made a significant leap from 3% market share in 2019 to 22% in 2022. However, growth temporarily slowed in early 2023, influenced by factors such as the expiration of government incentives and supply constraints.
  • Leading the battery electric car segment in the European Economic Area are Norway (65%), the Netherlands (20%), and Sweden (19%). Larger EU vehicle markets, including Germany (14%), France (9%), Italy (5%), and Spain (3%), are adopting electric vehicles at varying rates.
  • Norway and the Netherlands owe part of their electric car market success to extensive charging infrastructure. Norway boasted 14.5 publicly accessible charging points per thousand passenger vehicles in 2021, over seven times the EU average, followed closely by the Netherlands with eight charging points.

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Shipping emissions under the European Union Emissions Trading System https://theicct.org/publication/shipping-emissions-under-eu-ets-dec23/ Wed, 20 Dec 2023 21:30:53 +0000 https://theicct.org/?post_type=publication&p=34358 The European Union has extended its Emissions Trading System to the maritime sector, imposing emissions caps while directing revenue toward decarbonization initiatives and innovative technologies.

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The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is expanding to include the maritime sector as part of its efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This update, which took effect in July 2023, introduces significant changes for the shipping industry. Ship owners and shipping companies will be subject to an emissions cap, with allowances auctioned within the ETS and with other markets to encourage reductions across applicable sectors. The scope of this policy covers 100% of emissions from intra-EU voyages, and 50% emissions from extra-EU voyages, with special rules to prevent evasion. Revenue generated from the maritime sector’s inclusion will primarily support decarbonization efforts, innovation, and the transition to alternative fuels.

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Elektroautos erreichen immer mehr gesellschaftliche Gruppen – günstigere Modelle und mehr Ladepunkte sind zentral für den Umstieg https://theicct.org/elektroautos-erreichen-immer-mehr-gesellschaftliche-gruppen/ Wed, 13 Dec 2023 22:01:22 +0000 https://theicct.org/?p=34132 Ein neuer Monitor des ICCT analysiert die Entwicklung des Elektroauto-Marktes aus sozialer Perspektive und leitet Handlungsempfehlungen für die Politik ab.

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Ein neuer Monitor des ICCT analysiert die Entwicklung des Elektroauto-Marktes aus sozialer Perspektive und leitet Handlungsempfehlungen für die Politik ab.

Berlin, 14. Dezember – Batterieelektrische Fahrzeuge (BEVs) haben inzwischen einen Marktanteil von 18 Prozent der Neuzulassungen. Damit steigt die Akzeptanz der Technologie in breiteren gesellschaftlichen Gruppen. Zuvor hatten meist zahlungswillige Pionier:innen E-Autos erworben. Um allerdings die Klimaziele der Bundesregierung im Verkehrsbereich zu erreichen, ist vor allem für Menschen mit geringeren Einkommen ein einfacherer Zugang zum Markt nötig. Zu diesem Schluss kommt ein von der Stiftung Mercator geförderter Monitor, für den der International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) die aktuelle Situation auf dem deutschen Elektroauto-Markt mit besonderem Fokus auf soziale Aspekte analysiert hat.

“Unsere Analysen zeigen, dass die Umstellung auf batterieelektrische Autos in Deutschland mehr und mehr gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz erfährt. Allerdings bestehen mit Blick auf die Teilhabe sämtlicher gesellschaftlicher Gruppen noch erhebliche Hürden, die die Marktdurchdringung behindern. So ist zum Beispiel die Ladeinfrastruktur geografisch nicht gleichmäßig verteilt, und die hohen Anfangsinvestitionen bremsen die Marktteilnahme von Menschen mit geringerem Einkommen”, sagt Dr. Peter Mock, Geschäftsführer des ICCT in Europa.

„Nur wenn alle gesellschaftlichen Gruppen an der Elektromobilität teilhaben können, wird die Antriebswende gelingen”, erklärt Dr. Lars Grotewold, Leiter des Bereichs Klimaschutz der Stiftung Mercator. “Kosten und Chancen müssen sozial wie geografisch gerecht verteilt werden.” Ansonsten drohten breite Bevölkerungsgruppen beim Hochlauf der Elektromobilität systematisch abgehängt zu werden. Die Emissionen des Verkehrs ließen sich dann nicht so schnell wie erforderlich verringern. Zugleich würde der notwendige gesellschaftliche Rückhalt für diesen wichtigen Umbau schwinden. „Der von der Stiftung Mercator geförderte Monitor zur Elektromobilität und sozialer Teilhabe soll daher Lösungen aufzeigen, wie möglichst viele Menschen Zugänge zu elektrifizierten Fahrzeugen, einer leistungsfähigen Ladeinfrastuktur und Informationen über Förder- und Unterstützungsprogramme bekommen können – und zwar unabhängig von Einkommen oder Wohnort.“

Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse des Monitors im Überblick:

  • Von Januar bis Oktober 2023 erreichten batterieelektrische Autos 18 Prozent Marktanteil an den Neuzulassungen. Damit hat die Marktakzeptanz der Technologie das Stadium der ersten frühen Mehrheit erreicht (vgl. Abbildung).

Technologieakzeptanzkurve und Anteil von Elektro-Pkw-Neuzulassungen in Deutschland seit 2019. Quelle: Abbildung in Anlehnung an Rogers 1983; Daten von Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt.

  • Neuzulassungen von batterieelektrischen Autos sind geografisch ungleich verteilt. Die fünf Regionen mit den höchsten Anteilen von BEVs an den Neuzulassungen im Jahr 2022 befinden sich im Norden, Westen und Süden des Landes.
  • Von Januar 2021 bis Dezember 2022 hat sich die Ladeinfrastruktur fast verdoppelt. Die Zahl der Normalladepunkte stieg von 36.000 auf 70.000, die der Schnellladepunkte von 7.000 auf fast 15.000. Sie sind jedoch geografisch ungleichmäßig verteilt und konzentrieren sich vor allem auf städtische Regionen.
  • Es gibt einen auffälligen Unterschied zwischen dem gewerblichen und dem privaten Automarkt: Gewerbliche Akteure, auf die zwei Drittel der Pkw-Neuzulassungen entfallen, entscheiden sich nur bei 14 Prozent der Neuwagenkäufe (2022) für einen batterieelektrischen Antrieb, bei privaten Zulassungen sind es fast 25 Prozent.
  • Bei der Gegenüberstellung der Gesamtkosten von zwei vergleichbaren batterieelektrischen und benzinbetriebenen Fahrzeugen im Kompakt- und Kleinwagensegment über einen Zeitraum von vier Jahren hat das BEV im Kompaktwagensegment einen klaren Vorteil von 12.300 Euro unter Berücksichtigung der Kaufprämien von Staat und Herstellern; im Kleinwagensegment liegt der Vorteil bei 1.100 Euro.

“Für wirtschaftlich schwächere Gruppen ist der Gebrauchtwagenmarkt entscheidend, dessen Entwicklung unmittelbar vom heutigen Neuwagenmarkt abhängt. Da gewerbliche Akteure zwei Drittel der Neuwagen zulassen, sich aber im Vergleich zu Privatpersonen deutlich seltener für batterieelektrische Autos entscheiden, existiert hier ein Hebel: Wenn wir bei den gewerblichen Neuzulassungen einen höheren Elektroanteil erreichen, können wir die Marktdurchdringung im Neu- und mittelbar auch im Gebrauchtwagenmarkt beschleunigen. Damit können sich auch gesellschaftliche Gruppen, für die ein Neuwagenkauf aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen nicht in Frage kommt, schneller am Übergang von Verbrenner- zu Elektroautos beteiligen”, sagt Dr. Sandra Wappelhorst, leitende Forscherin des ICCT Europa und Hauptautorin des Berichts.

Der Monitor ist Teil eines von der Stiftung Mercator geförderten ICCT-Projekts zum Thema Elektromobilität und soziale Teilhabe und eröffnet eine neue Reihe jährlicher Monitore zu verschiedenen Aspekten des Themas. Ziel ist es, bestehende Wissenslücken zu schließen, indem soziale, geografische und finanzielle Hürden untersucht werden, die einen schnelleren Umstieg von Verbrenner- auf Elektroautos behindern.

Pressekontakt

Susana Irles, susana.irles@theicct.org; +49 162 361 7784 (ICCT)
Lothar Kuhn, lothar.kuhn@stiftung-mercator.de, +49 201-245 22-36 (Stiftung Mercator)

Details zur Studie

Monitor 2023. Elektromobilität und soziale Teilhabe. Ein statistisches Porträt des Pkw-Marktes in Deutschland aus sozialer Sicht.

Autor:innen: Sandra Wappelhorst, Kyle Morrison, Sonsoles Díaz, Peter Mock, Michelle Monteforte, Uwe Tietge, Susana Irles

Herunterladen unter https://theicct.org/Elektromobilitaet_und_Teilhabe

Pressemappe unter https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1bJRwIdPyU75F9Ww-lrs2mehUFiZIqZfL?usp=sharing

Über den International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT)

Der International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) ist eine unabhängige und gemeinnützige Forschungsorganisation, die gegründet wurde, um Behördenvertreter:innen mit fundierten und objektiven wissenschaftlichen sowie technischen Analysen zeitnah in ihrer Arbeit zu unterstützen. Unsere Forschung hilft Entscheidungsträger:innen auf der ganzen Welt, die Umweltwirkungen des Straßen-, See- und Luftverkehrs zu verringern, die öffentliche Gesundheit zu fördern und dem Klimawandel entgegenzuwirken. Aus einer Gruppe gleichgesinnter politischer Entscheidungsträger:innen und technischer Expert:innen ging im Jahr 2005 die formale Gründung des ICCT hervor.

Sie finden uns unter:
www.theicct.org
[Twitter] [LinkedIn] [YouTube] Bleiben Sie auf dem Laufenden und melden Sie sich für unseren Newsletter an.

Über die Stiftung Mercator

Die Stiftung Mercator ist eine private, unabhängige und gemeinnützige Stiftung, die auf der Grundlage wissenschaftlicher Expertise und praktischer Projekterfahrung handelt. Seit 1996 tritt sie für eine solidarische und partizipative Gesellschaft ein. Dazu fördert und entwickelt sie Projekte, die Chancen auf Teilhabe und den Zusammenhalt in einem diverser werdenden Gemeinwesen verbessern. Die Stiftung Mercator setzt sich für ein weltoffenes, demokratisches Europa ein, eine an den Grundrechten orientierte digitale Transformation von Staat und Gesellschaft sowie einen sozial gerechten Klimaschutz. Die Stiftung Mercator engagiert sich in Deutschland, Europa und weltweit. Dem Ruhrgebiet, Heimat der Stifterfamilie und Stiftungssitz, fühlt sie sich besonders verbunden.

www.stiftung-mercator.de
www.aufruhr-magazin.de – Das Magazin der Stiftung Mercator

Philipp Offergeld
Projektmanager Bereich Klimaschutz
Stiftung Mercator
philipp.offergeld@stiftung-mercator.de
0201 – 245 22 – 838

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